The concept of community policing has be around for a long time and in the US it can be traced as far back as the 19th century. The primary purpose for its inception was to have police engaging with communities to build strong relationships between its members and law enforcement. One of the earliest and major tactics of community policing involved officers going on foot patrols through the neighborhoods they serve. It has been an integral strategy for cities who have looked to combat violence, drugs and other criminal activities.
Applying community policing techniques backed by the principles of ethical policing will produce a notable correlation between the collaborative relationship that will be fostered and a palatable decline in crime.
According to Strategies for Community Policing , common implementations of community policing include:. Although this study was not definitive, it provides important evidence for the benefits of community policing for improving perceptions of the police. The overall findings are ambiguous, and show there is a need to explicate and test a logic model that explains how short-term benefits of community policing, like improved citizen satisfaction, relate to longer-term crime prevention effects, and to identify the policing strategies that benefit most from community participation.
Maintain complete power and control to author messages and disseminate information to the public at will. Maintain a robust database of resident contact information to foster a community dialogue or provide effective emergency notifications. Publish and distribute public information at scale, with the push of one button, via social media, websites, email, text, mobile app, and Google Alerts.
Beyond this, the major challenge is building trust between communities in which some people still regard the police as oppressors and a police force that has not undertaken radical reform. Community policing has proved most successful in rich often white areas, due to financial donations and the desire of citizens to prevent crime.
Yet even here, its impact on crime reduction is difficult to assess. Patchy community policing may displace crime to poorer areas, reinforcing the social divisions the policy was meant to overcome.
More positively, the experience of the past five years suggests actions that could be taken to make a success of community policing: Installing clear and willing leadership at the highest levels. Developing a coherent, integrated and actionable implementation strategy, based on critical review of current policies and conditions on the ground. Recruiting a higher standard of police personnel and improving training throughout the force, with a focus on accountable service delivery. Reviewing the organisational structure of the police so that it facilitates the delivery of a policing service responsive to local needs.
Strengthening the capacity of CPFs through improved funding and co-operation between police and communities. Results from these innovative programs were encouraging. It appeared that foot patrol in Flint significantly reduced citizens' fear of crime, increased officer morale, and reduced crime. In Newark, citizens were actually able to recognize whether they were receiving higher or lower levels of foot patrol in their neighborhoods.
In areas where foot patrol was increased, citizens believed that their crime problems had diminished in relation to other neighborhoods.
In addition, they reported more positive attitudes toward the police. Similarly, those officers in Newark who were assigned to foot patrol experienced a more positive relationship with community members, but, in contrast to Flint, foot patrol did not appear to reduce crime. The finding that foot patrol reduced citizen fear of crime demonstrated the importance of a policing tactic that fostered a closer relationship between the police and the community.
As foot patrol was capturing national attention, Herman Goldstein proposed a new approach to policing that helped synthesize some of the key elements of community policing into a broader and more innovative framework. Foot patrol and police-community cooperation were integral parts of Goldstein's approach, but what distinguished problem-oriented policing POP was its focus on how these factors could contribute to a police officer's capacity to identify and solve neighborhood problems.
By delineating a clear series of steps, from identifying community problems to choosing among a broad array of alternative solutions to law enforcement, Goldstein showed how increased cooperation between the police and community could do more than reduce fear of crime.
An intimate familiarity with local residents could also provide the police with an invaluable resource for identifying and solving the underlying causes of seemingly unrelated and intractable community problems. With its common emphasis on police-community partnerships, parts of the philosophy of problem-oriented policing were readily incorporated into ideas about community policing. The beginnings of a coherent community policing approach s.
Interest in the development of community policing accelerated with the publication of an article entitled "Broken Windows. Wilson and George L. Kelling constructed a compelling and highly readable argument challenging the traditional crime-fighting role of the police, and exploring the relationship between social disorder, neighborhood decline, and crime. According to Wilson and Kelling, officers on foot patrol should focus on problems such as aggressive panhandling or teenagers loitering on street corners that reduce the quality of neighborhood life.
Similar to a broken window, the aggressive panhandler, or the rowdy group of teenagers, represent the initial signs of social disorder.
Left unchecked they can make citizens fearful for their personal safety and create the impression that nobody cares about the neighborhood. Over time, this untended behavior increases the level of fear experienced by lawabiding citizens, who begin to withdraw from neighborhood life.
As residents retreat inside their homes, or even choose to leave the area altogether, local community controls enervate and disorderly elements take over the neighborhood. Eventually, this process of neighborhood deterioration can lead to an increase in predatory crime. Wilson and Kelling argue that by patrolling beats on foot and focusing on initial problems of social disorder, the police can reduce fear of crime and stop the process of neighborhood decay.
Goldstein's work and Wilson and Kelling's article sparked widespread interest in problem solving, foot patrol, and the relationship between the police and the community, all of which were becoming broadly associated with community policing.
Police departments were quick to seize upon the ideas and publicity generated by these scholars, and in the s they experimented with numerous problem-and communityoriented initiatives. In Baltimore County, small units composed of fifteen police officers were assigned to specific problems and responsible for their successful resolution. In Newport News, the police worked with the community to identify burglaries as a serious problem in the area.
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