What is the difference between mechanical transport and chemical work

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Like compressing a spring, adding the phosphate group requires energy. The source of this energy is the organic molecules from food. Thus, ATP operates in a cycle within your cells. The ATP cycle churns at an astonishing pace. A working muscle cell recycles all of its ATP molecules about once each minute. That's 10 million ATP molecules spent and regenerated per second! The next concept focuses on how your cells keep pace with this incredible demand for ATP.

Concept Check 7. In what way is ATP like a compressed spring? List three main types of cellular work. Cell Respiration Lab. Cheyenne 11 Nick 10 Jeremy 9 Kelli 10 Lindsey 2 3. BILLY 20 4. Molly 14 Rich 11 Jamiera 14 Joe 17 John 15 Elizabeth 8 3. Shannon 10 9. Jake 12 Skip to Main Content. District Home. Select a School Select a School. Sign In. Search Our Site. S - Social Studies Baranoski, Ms.

Bluett, Mr. Brown, Ms. J - English Coll, Mr. Davis, Mr. DiCicco, Mr. Drake, Mrs. Studies Dyal, Ms. The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule requires energy. Phosphate groups are negatively charged and thus repel one another when they are arranged in series, as they are in ADP and ATP.

The release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP, a process called dephosphorylation , releases energy. Hydrolysis is the process of breaking complex macromolecules apart.

Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, is regenerated when a third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule, reforming ATP. Obviously, energy must be infused into the system to regenerate ATP. Where does this energy come from? In nearly every living thing on earth, the energy comes from the metabolism of glucose. In this way, ATP is a direct link between the limited set of exergonic pathways of glucose catabolism and the multitude of endergonic pathways that power living cells.

Recall that, in some chemical reactions, enzymes may bind to several substrates that react with each other on the enzyme, forming an intermediate complex. An intermediate complex is a temporary structure, and it allows one of the substrates such as ATP and reactants to more readily react with each other; in reactions involving ATP, ATP is one of the substrates and ADP is a product.

During an endergonic chemical reaction, ATP forms an intermediate complex with the substrate and enzyme in the reaction. This intermediate complex allows the ATP to transfer its third phosphate group, with its energy, to the substrate, a process called phosphorylation.

This is illustrated by the following generic reaction:. When the intermediate complex breaks apart, the energy is used to modify the substrate and convert it into a product of the reaction. The ADP molecule and a free phosphate ion are released into the medium and are available for recycling through cell metabolism.

Figure 2. In phosphorylation reactions, the gamma phosphate of ATP is attached to a protein.