And in trying to design and craft legislation, FDR required a White House staff and set of advisers unlike any seen previously in Washington. The President now needed a full-time staff devoted to domestic and foreign policies, with expertise in these areas, and a passion for governance. In sum, President Roosevelt greatly increased the responsibilities of his office.
Fortunately for his successors, he also enhanced the capacity of the presidency to meet these new responsibilities. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Help inform the discussion Support the Miller Center. University of Virginia Miller Center. He targeted immigrants and their trains, and tormented white settlers in the American West were known to frighten their misbehaving children with the threat that Geronimo would come for them.
By , after white immigrants demanded federal military intervention, the Apaches were forced onto a reservation in Arizona. Geronimo and a band of followers escaped, and U.
Badly outnumbered and exhausted by a pursuit that had gone on for 3, miles—and which included help from Apache scouts—he finally surrendered to General Nelson A. Geronimo avoided execution, but dispute over the terms of surrender ensured that he would spend the rest of his life as a prisoner of the Army, subject to betrayal and indignity.
The Apache leader and his men were sent by boxcar, under heavy guard, to Fort Pickens in Pensacola, Florida, where they performed hard labor. Apaches lived in constant terror that more of their children would be taken from them and sent east. But there, too, the Apaches began to perish—a quarter of them from tuberculosis— until Geronimo and more than others were brought to Fort Sill , Oklahoma, in Though still captive, they were allowed to live in villages around the post.
Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the United States in September after the assassination of William McKinley. Young and physically robust, he brought a new energy to the White House, and won a second term on his own merits in Roosevelt, a Franklin Pierce , the son of a onetime governor of New Hampshire, entered politics at a young age.
He served as speaker of the state legislature before winning election to the U. House of Representatives in After two terms in the House and one in the Senate, Roosevelt was distantly related to both his wife and 11 other presidents. An only child with maternal roots dating back to the Mayflower, Franklin D. Roosevelt spent a privileged childhood in Hyde Park, New York, prior to attending an elite Massachusetts boarding school.
First lady Eleanor Roosevelt , wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the U. The niece of President Theodore Roosevelt , The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, is considered one of the most consequential developments of World War II and instrumental in defeating the Axis powers. One of the leading figures of early American history, Benjamin Franklin was a statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor and diplomat.
Born into a Boston family of modest means, Franklin had little formal education. He went on to start a successful printing Edith Roosevelt was an American first lady and the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States. Childhood sweehearts, the two were separated for a number of years before resuming their romance and marrying, two years after the After his overwhelming victory in , Roosevelt took on the critics of the New Deal, namely, the Supreme Court, which had declared various legislation unconstitutional, and members of his own party.
In he proposed to add new justices to the Supreme Court, but critics said he was "packing" the Court and undermining the separation of powers.
His proposal was defeated, but the Court began to decide in favor of New Deal legislation. During the election he campaigned against many Democratic opponents, but this backfired when most were reelected to Congress. These setbacks, coupled with the recession that occurred midway through his second term, represented the low-point in Roosevelt's presidential career. By , with the outbreak of war in Europe, Roosevelt was concentrating increasingly on foreign affairs.
New Deal reform legislation diminished, and the ills of the Depression would not fully abate until the nation mobilized for war. When Hitler attacked Poland in September , Roosevelt stated that, although the nation was neutral, he did not expect America to remain inactive in the face of Nazi aggression.
Accordingly, he tried to make American aid available to Britain, France, and China and to obtain an amendment of the Neutrality Acts which rendered such assistance difficult. He also took measures to build up the armed forces in the face of isolationist opposition. With the fall of France in , the American mood and Roosevelt's policy changed dramatically. Congress enacted a draft for military service and Roosevelt signed a "lend-lease" bill in March to enable the nation to furnish aid to nations at war with Germany and Italy.
America, though a neutral in the war and still at peace, was becoming the "arsenal of democracy", as its factories began producing as they had in the years before the Depression. The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, , followed four days later by Germany's and Italy's declarations of war against the United States, brought the nation irrevocably into the war.
Roosevelt exercised his powers as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, a role he actively carried out. He worked with and through his military advisers, overriding them when necessary, and took an active role in choosing the principal field commanders and in making decisions regarding wartime strategy.
He moved to create a "grand alliance" against the Axis powers through "The Declaration of the United Nations," January 1, , in which all nations fighting the Axis agreed not to make a separate peace and pledged themselves to a peacekeeping organization now the United Nations upon victory.
He gave priority to the western European front and had General George Marshall, Chief of Staff, plan a holding operation in the Pacific and organize an expeditionary force for an invasion of Europe. The D-Day landings on the Normandy beaches in France, June 6, , were followed by the allied invasion of Germany six months later.
By April victory in Europe was certain. The unending stress and strain of the war literally wore Roosevelt out.
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